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Definition of Volume Volume is the number of shares (or contracts) traded in a security during a set time period (minute, day, week, etc.). It tells you how busy the market was for that ticker. More trades = higher volume.

Definition of Bid-Ask Spread (Plain English) The bid-ask spread is the tiny gap between what buyers are willing to pay (the bid) and what sellers are asking to receive (the ask) for a stock, ETF, crypto, or any traded asset. That gap is a built-in cost of doing business—like a small toll to cross the bridge between “I want it” and “I own it.”

Definition of Market Maker A market maker is a firm (or algorithm) that constantly offers to buy and sell a stock, ETF, or option—posting two prices (a bid and an ask)—so there’s always someone on the other side of your trade. They earn a small profit from the spread between those two prices and keep the market moving.

Definition of High-Frequency Trading High-Frequency Trading (HFT) is algorithm-driven, ultra-fast trading that uses powerful computers and direct exchange connections to place thousands of orders in milliseconds. Think “race cars on Wall Street”—built for speed, tuned for tiny price edges.

Definition of Dark Pool A dark pool is a private trading venue where large investors (think pension funds or big institutions) buy and sell stocks away from public exchanges like the NYSE or Nasdaq. Prices aren’t displayed to everyone in real time, which helps big orders get filled without tipping off the whole market.

Definition of Block Trade A block trade is a very large order to buy or sell a security—typically 10,000+ shares of stock (excluding penny stocks) or $200,000+ in bonds—executed privately or off the open exchange to avoid moving the market price. These trades are usually arranged through an investment bank or a broker’s “block desk.”

Definition of Day Order When you place a stock trade, one of the key decisions you make is how long that order should stay active. A Day Order is one of the most common choices. Simply put, a Day Order is valid only for the trading day in which it was placed. If the market doesn’t meet your terms before the close, the order expires automatically. No overnight carry, no surprises the next day.

Definition of Fill or Kill If you like your stock orders the way you like your coffee—exactly how you want it or not at all—then you’ll appreciate the Fill or Kill order. A Fill or Kill (FOK) order tells the market: “Fill the entire order immediately at my stated price (or better), or cancel it right now.” There’s no partial fill, no waiting, and no compromise.

Definition of Good Till Canceled A Good ’Til Canceled (GTC) order is a standing instruction you place with your broker to buy or sell a security at a specific price that remains active until it’s executed or you cancel it. Depending on the broker, it can sit there for up to 30–90 days before auto-expiring (check your platform’s policy). In short: set it and don’t forget it.

Definition of Stop-Limit Order A stop-limit order combines two instructions: a stop price that triggers your order, and a limit price that sets the worst price you’re willing to accept. When the stop price is hit, your order becomes a limit order—and it will only fill at the limit price or better. That gives you price control, but no guarantee the trade actually executes.

Definition of Stop Order Want your investments to come with an “emergency brake”? That’s what a stop order does. It’s an instruction you place with your broker to buy or sell a security once it hits a specific stop price. When the stop price is reached, your order is activated—usually as a market order—to help you lock in gains or limit losses without staring at charts all day.

Definition of a Limit Order A limit order lets you set the maximum price you’re willing to pay to buy, or the minimum price you’re willing to accept to sell. - Buy limit order: “Buy ABC if it hits $50 or less.” - Sell limit order: “Sell ABC if it reaches $75 or more.” Your broker won’t execute unless the market meets your limit. It protects you from paying more (on buys) or accepting less (on sells) than you want.

Definition of Market Order A market order is an instruction to buy or sell a security immediately at the best price currently available. It prioritizes speed of execution over the exact price you’ll pay or receive.

Definition of Reverse Stock Split A reverse stock split is when a company reduces the number of its outstanding shares while increasing the share price proportionally. Think of it like trading in 10 dimes for 1 dollar bill — you still have the same amount of money, but in fewer pieces.

Definition of Stock Split A stock split is a corporate action in which a company increases the number of its outstanding shares by issuing more shares to existing shareholders. Although the number of shares increases, the overall value of the company (market capitalization) stays the same. Think of it like cutting a pizza into more slices—more pieces, same amount of pizza.

Definition of Common Stock Common stock represents ownership in a company. When you buy common stock, you’re essentially buying a small slice of that business. As a shareholder, you’re entitled to a portion of the company’s profits (usually in the form of dividends if paid), and you have voting rights to help elect the board of directors or vote on major company decisions. Think of common stock as your seat at the table—albeit maybe at the back if you only own a few shares.

What is Preferred Stock? Preferred stock is a type of ownership in a company that has a higher claim on assets and earnings than common stock. That means if the company pays dividends, preferred shareholders get theirs first. If the company goes belly-up (let’s hope not), preferred shareholders also get paid before common stockholders—though still after bondholders.

Definition of Dividend Stock A dividend stock is a share in a company that regularly pays out a portion of its profits to shareholders in the form of dividends—typically on a quarterly basis. These payments are usually made in cash, but can also come as additional shares of stock.

Definition of Value Stock A value stock is a share of a company that appears to be trading for less than its intrinsic value. Think of it as a great company that’s momentarily on the clearance rack. Investors believe the stock is undervalued by the market and has solid fundamentals—like steady earnings, a strong balance sheet, and even dividends—but for whatever reason, Wall Street’s spotlight isn’t on it… yet.

Definition of Growth Stock A growth stock is a publicly traded company that is expected to grow at a rate significantly above the average for the overall market. These are the kinds of companies reinvesting their earnings back into the business instead of paying dividends, with the goal of expanding fast—think rocket fuel, not steady cruise.